Understanding and overcoming hybrid lethality in seed and seedling stages as barriers to hybridization and gene flow

Hybrid lethality is a type of reproductive isolation barrier observed in two developmental stages, hybrid embryos (hybrid seeds) and seedlings. has been reported many plant species limits distant hybridization breeding including interspecific intergeneric hybridization, which increases genetic diversity contributes to produce new germplasm for agricultural purposes. Recent studies have provided molecular evidence suggesting that underlying causes involve epistatic interaction one or more loci, as hypothesized by the Bateson–Dobzhansky–Muller model, effective ploidy endosperm balance number. In this review, we focus on similarities differences between seed seedling lethality, well methods recovering seed/seedling activity circumvent lethality. Current knowledge summarized our article will provides insights into mechanisms circumventing